By Kathleen Kuiper
Domestic to a few of the main awesome feats of engineering in addition to awe-inspiring traditional vistas, old Egypt was once a land of serious promise fulfilled. Its pyramids, writing structures, and paintings all predate the Islamic conquest and are symbols of the civilizations power. This quantity invitations readers to delight in the splendors of old Egyptian tradition and realize the traditions that experience fired imaginations all over the world for generations. an in depth appendix profiles very important websites all through Egypt, lots of which nonetheless include remnants and artifacts that ably illustrate the import of this striking civilization.
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Extra resources for Ancient Egypt: From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest (The Britannica Guide to Ancient Civilizations)
Sample text
Nonroyal individuals took over some of the privileges of royalty, notably identification with Osiris in the hereafter and the use of the Pyramid Texts; these were incorporated into a more extensive corpus inscribed The Old and Middle Kingdoms | 53 on coffins (and hence termed the Coffin Texts) and continued to be inscribed during the Middle Kingdom. The unified state of the Middle Kingdom did not reject these acquisitions and so had a broader cultural basis than the Old Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom Mentuhotep II campaigned in Lower Nubia, where he may have been preceded by the Inyotefs.
Rental of slaves, for example, was regarded as a sales agreement. Work was often bartered for various commodities. The individual parties were allowed to determine restrictions and guarantees in their transaction concerning possible defects in the property or service as well as defects in the law. Criminal justice necessitated a hierarchy in the judicial system, depending on the severity of the charge. The most heinous criminals could be judged only by the pharaoh, often with the 38 | Ancient Egypt: From Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest vizier conducting the investigation and turning to the pharaoh for final judgment.
The last of these was part of the second survey of Lower Nubia in 1929–34, which preceded the second raising of the Aswān Dam. This was followed in the late 1950s and ’60s by an international campaign to excavate and record sites in Egyptian and Sudanese Nubia before the completion of the Aswān High Dam in 1970. Lower Nubia is now one of the most thoroughly explored archaeological regions of the world. Most of its many temples have been moved, either to higher ground nearby, as happened to Abu Simbel and Philae, or to quite different places, including various foreign museums.
